The Beginning of a Business

“My first grade class hatched and raised six chicks. My name was not drawn to take the birds home,” recalls Dustin. “And when I got home, I cried.” Dustin’s elementary tears fell upon the ears of an amazing uncle who didn’t know that his purchase of six chicks each for Dustin and Austin would become part of the family’s farming legacy. Beginning in 1999, the brothers raised and managed birds as an entrepreneurial 4-H project that expanded into a prosperous FFA Supervised Agriculture Experience (SAE) in 2007. The brothers saw eggs as an avenue to return to the family farm. Upon adulthood, Dustin and Austin were in partnership with Stanton Brothers, a successful, cage-free, brown egg production business selling direct to consumers.

The Next Generation of Stanton Farmers

“We couldn’t believe it when the boys started selling eggs for $2.50 a dozen at the Farmer’s Market and customers loved it,” shared Andrew Stanton, the brothers’ dad (who, ironically, is allergic to eggs). “Their profitable egg business is the reason Dustin and Austin have been able to return to work as part of the family farm.” Austin focuses on egg production and processing while Dustin focuses on sales, deliveries and customer relations, meeting the wholesale and retail needs for 60 outlets that change seasonally. Stanton Brothers sells eggs to school districts, golf courses, nursing homes, the University of Missouri, grocery stores, restaurants and individuals.

Dustin and Austin are proud that Stanton Brothers works in collaboration with the more traditional model of Stanton Farms, a cattle and row crop business owned by their parents, Andrew and Judy. Together, the two businesses comprise Stanton Family Farms. These family businesses were recently honored as the 2025 recipient of the Missouri Agriculture Stewardship Award which recognizes the voluntary efforts of Missouri farmers to carefully and responsibly manage the land, natural resources, and animals entrusted to their care.

Stewardship on the Farm

“Stewardship and sustainability are very important to our family,” said Dustin. “We feed our chickens milo, or grain sorghum, that is grown here by Stanton Farms. When our poultry barn is cleaned out, the manure is spread here as natural fertilizer across crop fields and pastures. We are extra cognizant of our applications because we want to protect local water quality.” Nestled upon a rolling landscape, the Stanton Farm is in the watershed of several creeks and rivers that flow through suburban and urban communities of Boone County. Stanton Family Farms uses several other strategies to keep inputs and soil on their farm including ponds, cover crops, conservation tillage, and contour planting. Austin often deploys technologies for the family farms including use of GPS and drones as well as data collection and analysis. “Our family farm hasn’t been in existence for nearly 180 years by accident, but by looking to the future,” Dustin said. “It’s not about taking the most from our land so we get the most. It’s about what we can give to the land so that the next generation can live and work here as well.”

Building Customer Trust

Back in 1999, Dustin and Austin sold their eggs to neighbors, family, and members of their church congregation. When Dustin expanded the project to 500 birds for his FFA SAE, he began selling eggs at the Columbia Farmer’s Market. “I now have customers at the Farmer’s Market who have watched me grow up for the past 15 years. We have built trust with people who truly care about what is happening on our farms,” Dustin said. “No one knows the story of agriculture better than farmers. We are a trusted face and source for questions about everything from farm policy to pasta ingredients.” The Stantons share their farm story as often as possible, presenting at elementary schools, hosting field trips, and speaking to civic groups.

A Legacy Mindset

Dustin’s vision is to expand Stanton Brothers to offer more diversified product lines including liquid eggs, recognizing the desires and rising demands of customers. “I love agriculture. I love working with my family,” Dustin shared. “I love running a business and building something. When it is successful, it shows the work we did. If I mess up, I am responsible for fixing it. It’s not really about what I’m doing today for me. It’s about what I’m doing today to pass it on to the next generation.”
“Farming is my heritage and my legacy,” said Austin. “I have wanted to be a farmer my whole life. I hope to make our farm better than it is today so I can give my kids a shot at making a life on the farm.”

More About the Stantons

Dustin and Austin are graduates of the University of Missouri-Columbia. Dustin is concluding a term of service on the Missouri Farm Bureau Young Farmers & Ranchers Committee and representing the poultry industry on the Missouri Farm Bureau Commodity Advisory Committee. He is currently the president of the Boone County Extension Council. Austin has served as an officer for the Missouri Young Farmers/Young Farm Wives Association and the family is still active with the organization. The family volunteers for the Centralia FFA Alumni and are members of the Missouri Cattlemen’s Association. Missouri Farm Bureau, University of Missouri Extension, Missouri Young Farmers/Young Farm Wives Association, and the Missouri Cattlemen’s Association are all partners of Missouri Farmers Care.

Agricultural Contributions of Boone County

Food processing is the top agricultural industry in Boone County according to the 2021 Missouri Economic Contribution of Agriculture and Forestry Study. The county’s agriculture economy creates $686.5 million in value-added products, supports more than 9,500 jobs, and generates $629.4 million in household income. According to the 2022 Census of Agriculture conducted by the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, 95% of Boone County farms are owned by families.

–Missouri Farmers Care

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Partial viral genome data of the H5N1 avian influenza virus that infected the patient in Louisiana indicates that the virus belongs to the D1.1 genotype related to other D1.1 viruses recently detected in wild birds and poultry in the United States and in recent human cases in British Columbia, Canada, and Washington state. This H5N1 bird flu genotype is different than the B3.13 genotype detected in dairy cows, sporadic human cases in multiple states, and some poultry outbreaks in the United States. Additional genomic sequencing and efforts to isolate virus from clinical specimens from the patient in Louisiana are underway at CDC.

While an investigation into the source of the infection in Louisiana is ongoing, it has been determined that the patient had exposure to sick and dead birds in backyard flocks. This is the first case of H5N1 bird flu in the U.S. that has been linked to exposure to a backyard flock. A sporadic case of severe H5N1 bird flu illness in a person is not unexpected; avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection has previously been associated with severe human illness in other countries during 2024 and prior years, including illness resulting in death. No person-to-person spread of H5 bird flu has been detected. This case does not change CDC’s overall assessment of the immediate risk to the public’s health from H5N1 bird flu, which remains low.

This case underscores that, in addition to affected commercial poultry and dairy operations, wild birds and backyard flocks also can be a source of exposure. People with work or recreational exposures to infected animals are at higher risk of infection and should follow CDC’s recommended precautions when around animals that are infected or potentially infected with H5N1 avian influenza virus. This means that backyard flock owners, hunters and other bird enthusiasts should also take precautions.

The best way to prevent H5 bird flu is to avoid exposure whenever possible. Infected birds shed avian influenza A viruses in their saliva, mucous, and feces. Other infected animals may shed avian influenza A viruses in respiratory secretions and other bodily fluids (e.g., in unpasteurized cow milk or ‘raw milk’).

• As a general precaution, whenever possible, people should avoid contact with sick or dead animals, in particular wild birds, and poultry.
• For individuals with direct/close contact with wild birds or sick or dead poultry or other animals, wear recommended personal protective equipment (PPE). Wild birds can be infected with avian influenza A viruses even if they don’t look sick.
• Do not touch surfaces or materials (e.g., animal litter or bedding material) contaminated with saliva, mucous, or animal feces from wild or domestic birds or other animals with confirmed or suspected avian influenza A virus infection.

For more information on H5 bird flu in the U.S. and CDC’s response, including regularly updated case counts, visit the H5 Bird Flu: Current Situation page.

–CDC

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Case 4 was detected in a small backyard chicken flock in Sarpy County. Case 5 was detected in a large backyard mixed flock in Lancaster County.

Cases of HPAI in Nebraska in 2024

Case 1 – Gage County, February 2024

Case 2 – Nemaha County, December 2024

Case 3 – Dodge County, December 2024

Case 4 – Sarpy County, December 2024

Case 5 – Lancaster County, December 2024

About HPAI

HPAI is a highly contagious virus that spreads easily among birds through nasal and eye secretions, as well as infected food, water, and manure. The virus can be spread in various ways from flock to flock, including by wild birds during migratory season, through contact with infected poultry, by equipment, and on the clothing and shoes of caretakers. Wild birds can carry the virus without becoming sick, while domesticated birds can become very sick and die.

Clinical Signs of HPAI in Birds

Symptoms of HPAI in poultry include: a decrease in water consumption; lack of energy and appetite; decreased egg production or soft-shelled, misshapen eggs; nasal discharge, coughing, sneezing; incoordination; and diarrhea. HPAI can also cause sudden death in birds even if they aren’t showing any other symptoms. HPAI can survive for weeks in contaminated environments.

Resources are available for poultry producers at nda.nebraska.gov/animal/avian/, and from the USDA at https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza. Poultry experiencing signs of HPAI or unusual death should be reported to NDA at 402-471-2351 or the USDA at 866-536-7593.

— Nebraska Department of Agriculture

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Most recent detections have been found in Wharton, Galveston, and Harris counties.

Detected in all states across the U.S., HPAI is a highly contagious virus that transmits easily among wild and domestic birds. The virus can spread directly between animals and indirectly through environmental contamination.

Because of the ease of transmission, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) recommends wildlife rehabilitators remain cautious when intaking wild animals with clinical signs consistent with HPAI and consider quarantining animals to limit the potential for HPAI exposure to other animals within the facility.

The public can assist in interrupting HPAI transmission by limiting all unnecessary contact with wild birds. Bird feeders and water sources should be cleaned at least every two weeks with a solution of one part bleach to nine parts water. Change water in birdbaths every few days and regularly remove wet feed and seed from feed and water sources.

Additionally, game bird hunters should consider precautions such as:

• Disposing carcasses properly
• Wearing gloves when processing
• Avoiding consumption or processing of any sick bird
• Cleaning and disinfecting tools between carcasses
• Cooking meat to proper temperatures

Currently, the transmission risk of avian influenza from infected birds to people remains low, but the public should take basic protective measures if contact with wild animals cannot be avoided. The public and health care professionals can find more information about HPAI in humans from the Texas Department of State Health Services. If you had contact with an HPAI-positive animal and develop signs of illness, immediately contact your health care provider and let them know about the exposure.

If you encounter a wild animal with signs consistent with HPAI, contact your local TPWD wildlife biologist.

— Texas Parks and Wildlife Department

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Read on for a journey through the fascinating history of eggnog, from its beginnings as a luxurious drink for medieval nobility to its modern-day presence as a comforting symbol of holiday cheer.

Medieval Britain: The Origins of Eggnog

Eggnog traces its origins back to medieval Britain, where its precursor, “posset,” was a popular drink among the upper class. Posset was a warm concoction made with  wine or beer, cream, sugar, and egg. This rich and indulgent beverage was considered a luxury due to the rarity and expense of its ingredients. Milk and eggs were not as readily available to the general population, making posset a drink enjoyed primarily by the wealthy.

Over time, posset evolved from a medicinal remedy for colds and other ailments to a celebratory drink served at feasts and special occasions. It was often enhanced with additional flavors like honey and became a symbol of prosperity and good health. The combination of milk, eggs, and warming spices laid the foundation for what we now recognize as eggnog.

The emphasis on dairy and fresh eggs in posset also reflects the agricultural practices of the time. Wealthy households typically had access to their own livestock or relied on local farms to supply these ingredients. As the recipe for posset spread and developed, it began to symbolize a blend of agricultural abundance and festive indulgence—an association that continues with eggnog to this day.

Colonial America: Eggnog Across the Atlantic

When British settlers brought their traditions to the American colonies, they also carried the recipe for posset, which evolved into what we now recognize as eggnog. In colonial America, the drink took on a new identity, thanks to the availability of local ingredients and the creative adaptations of the settlers. Fresh milk and eggs were more accessible in the colonies due to the abundance of farmland, and rum—an affordable and readily available spirit imported from the Caribbean—replaced the traditional ale or sherry used in Britain. This substitution gave eggnog a uniquely American twist.

Eggnog quickly became a popular drink for gatherings, particularly during the holidays. The blend of creamy milk, fresh eggs, warming spices, and rum was not only delicious but also a symbol of the hard-earned abundance settlers had created in the New World. It became a staple for toasting to health, prosperity, and the spirit of community during festive occasions.

Eggnog’s presence in colonial homes during the holidays reinforced its reputation as a drink of celebration and comfort. Over time, it became embedded in the cultural fabric of the American holiday season, cementing its status as a tradition that honored both the agricultural bounty and the shared joy of the season.

The Early 20th Century: Industrialization and Eggnog’s Popularity

By the early 20th century, eggnog had become a cherished holiday beverage across the United States, and the Industrial Revolution played a pivotal role in its widespread availability. Advances in agricultural practices and the rise of refrigeration transformed eggnog from a homemade treat into a commercial product that could be enjoyed by more people than ever before.

Dairy farming underwent significant changes during this period, with the growth of large-scale operations and innovations in milk processing and storage. Refrigeration allowed fresh milk and eggs to be transported over long distances, making these once-regional ingredients accessible to urban populations. Eggnog, which had previously been limited to households with access to fresh ingredients, was now available in pre-packaged forms in grocery stores, thanks to the rise of industrial food production.

Eggnog did take a hit during prohibition when drinking was outlawed. By the 1940s, non-alcoholic eggnog began appearing in stores but it wasn’t until the 1960s that cold non-alcoholic eggnog became mainstream.

Today: Eggnog’s Modern Appeal

In today’s world, eggnog remains a beloved holiday staple, with its creamy texture and spiced sweetness evoking nostalgia and festive cheer. Modern eggnog has adapted to the diverse tastes and dietary needs of contemporary consumers, making it more accessible and versatile than ever.

One of the most notable trends in recent years is the rise of non-dairy and plant-based eggnog alternatives. Almond, oat, soy, and coconut milk-based eggnogs have gained popularity, offering vegan and lactose-intolerant individuals the chance to enjoy this holiday favorite. These innovations maintain the flavor and spirit of traditional eggnog while catering to evolving dietary preferences.

Additionally, ready-to-drink eggnogs, sold in stores during the holiday season, have become a convenient option for busy households. These pre-packaged versions often come in a variety of flavors, from classic vanilla and nutmeg to adventurous options like pumpkin spice and peppermint. Some brands even offer spiked versions with rum or bourbon for adult celebrations.

Despite these modern adaptations, the essence of eggnog remains rooted in tradition. It continues to symbolize comfort, indulgence, and the warmth of gathering with loved ones. Whether sipped in its classic form or enjoyed in a plant-based version, eggnog’s enduring appeal lies in its ability to connect generations through a shared love of holiday celebration.

Farming and Eggnog: A Holiday Connection

Dairy farms, in particular, have been the backbone of eggnog production for centuries. Fresh milk and cream are essential for creating the drink’s smooth, velvety texture. Across the country, dairy farmers work year-round to ensure a steady supply of high-quality milk that fills glasses during the holiday season. Similarly, egg producers play a critical role, supplying the fresh eggs that give eggnog its signature richness and body.

Eggnog is more than a festive treat; it’s a reminder of the partnership between agriculture and tradition. By choosing eggnog made from fresh, locally sourced ingredients, holiday revelers can celebrate the hardworking farmers whose efforts keep this cherished beverage on our tables. As we sip and savor, we honor the enduring relationship between farming and the holiday spirit, making eggnog a true symbol of agricultural abundance and seasonal joy.

Eggstraordinary History

Eggnog’s journey through history is a testament to its enduring charm and adaptability. From its origins in medieval Britain as a luxurious drink for the elite, to its transformation into a colonial American holiday staple, and its rise to commercial popularity in the 20th century, eggnog has consistently brought people together in celebration. Today, its modern variations continue to honor tradition while embracing new tastes and dietary preferences.

As you raise your glass of eggnog this holiday season, take a moment to appreciate its rich history and the agricultural roots that keep it alive. Eggnog is more than a drink—it’s a symbol of community, celebration, and the enduring bond between tradition and farming. Cheers to the farmers, the history, and the memories yet to be made!

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The affected premises will not move poultry or poultry products, and birds on the property will be depopulated to prevent the spread of the disease. Birds from the flock will not enter the food system. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HPAI does not present an immediate public health concern for non-poultry workers. HPAI also does not pose a food safety risk; properly handling and cooking eggs and poultry to an internal temperature of 165˚F kills the virus.

The H5N1 HPAI virus has continued to circulate in both wild and domestic birds in North America since December 2021. H5N1 HPAI viruses are highly contagious and often fatal to domestic poultry. Caused by influenza type A viruses, the disease varies in severity depending on the strain and species affected. The disease can be spread by contact with infected birds, commingling with wild birds or their droppings, equipment, or clothing worn by anyone working with the animals.

DATCP continues to urge all livestock owners to implement strong biosecurity measures to protect their flocks and herds from the disease. This includes washing hands, disinfecting equipment, restricting access to animals, and separating new additions to the flock or herd for at least 30 days. Poultry owners are asked, when possible, to keep their birds indoors.

When HPAI H5N1 is diagnosed in a Wisconsin poultry flock, a control area is established within a 10 kilometer area around the infected premises, restricting movement on or off any premises with poultry. To help producers determine if their poultry are located within an active control area or surveillance zone, poultry owners are encouraged to use DATCP’s mapping tool.

The Wisconsin Department of Health Services (DHS) and county public health entities are monitoring exposed farm workers for HPAI symptoms. The risk to the general public in Wisconsin remains low. Prevention information for farmworkers or others who have close contact with birds, dairy cows, or other relevant animals can be found under Protective Actions for People. Farm workers, businesses, and processors can request a limited supply of surplus personal protective equipment (PPE) through the Wisconsin DHS Office of Preparedness and Emergency Health Care. For more information, visit Office of Preparedness and Emergency Health Care: https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/preparedness/medical-stockpile.htm.

DATCP reminds Wisconsin livestock owners to register their premises. State law requires that all livestock owners register where their animals are kept. Registration helps animal health officials communicate with flock and herd owners during disease outbreaks.

To report increased mortality or signs of illness among domestic birds, dairy cattle, or other animals, contact DATCP at (608) 224-4872 (business hours) or (800) 943-0003 (after hours and weekends). For updates on how the virus is affecting domestic birds in Wisconsin, and to find resources on protecting Wisconsin poultry, visit DATCP’s HPAI in Poultry webpage: https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/HPAIWisconsin.aspx.

H5N1 in Other Species

The HPAI H5N1 virus has continued to circulate in both wild and domestic birds in North America since December 2021. Since that time, the H5N1 virus has also affected other species, including mammalian species. A specific genotype of H5N1 virus was first detected in dairy cattle earlier this year in Texas. To date, Wisconsin has not identified an H5N1 infection in dairy herds in the state. DATCP continues to work with USDA to conduct testing for H5N1, encourage biosecurity, and provide resources to producers.

For updates on how the H5N1 virus is affecting dairy cattle across the country, and to find resources on protecting Wisconsin dairy cattle, visit DATCP’s H5N1 in Dairy Cattle webpage: https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/AvianInfluenzaCattle.aspx.

–Molly Mueller, DATCP

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Over the past 30 days, detections across the U.S. have increased with 90 confirmed flocks and 339 cases confirmed in dairy herds, however, there are currently no active cases in Maryland. Based on this uptake in cases, the Maryland Department of Agriculture is recommending, if possible, maintaining poultry indoors during this period of heightened risk. Additionally, all producers should assess the risk to their poultry and make informed decisions about allowing outdoor access.  The Department will assess risk again in early April 2025 to offer further recommendations.

“Maryland poultry farms and dairy farms should remain on high alert for HPAI infections in both poultry flocks and dairy cattle herds,” said Maryland Department of Agriculture Secretary Kevin Atticks. “Home to many mixed species farms, we are urging Maryland farmers to be mindful of comingling poultry with dairy cattle and to increase biosecurity measures on all farms with poultry or dairy cattle.”

Poultry flock and dairy herd farmers are urged to follow these minimum guidelines to maintain a sanitary, biosecure premise:

• Restrict access to poultry and livestock by posting “Restricted Access” signage, securing the area with a gate, or both.

• Take steps to ensure that contaminated materials on the ground are not transported into the poultry growing house or livestock area.

• Provide the following items to anyone entering or leaving any area where poultry and cattle are kept:

  • Footbaths and foot mats with disinfectant;

  • Boot washing and disinfectant station;

  • Footwear change or foot covers.

• Cover and secure feed to prevent wild birds, rodents or other animals from accessing it.

• Cover and properly contain carcasses, used litter, or other disease-containing organic materials to prevent wild birds, rodents or other animals from accessing them and to keep them from being blown around by wind.

• Allow MDA to enter the premises during normal working hours to inspect your biosecurity and sanitation practices.

• Report any unusual bird deaths or sudden increases in very sick birds or dairy cattle to the department’s Animal Health Program at 410-841-5810 or after-hours to 410-841-5971. Also contact the USDA at 866-536-7593.

• Read up about HPAI and biosecurity measures on the Animal Health website.

USDA APHIS’ website for its Defend the Flock program and HPAI in Livestock as well as the University of Maryland Extension programs have many valuable resources available for poultry owners, including a variety of instructional videos, to help mitigate the risk of HPAI on their operation.

For more information on avian influenza, please visit the department’s website.

–Jessica Hackett, Maryland Department of Agriculture

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The training for meat and poultry processors course covers the fundamentals of HACCP and the application in meat and poultry processing operations. It provides the participant with hands-on experience in developing a HACCP plan. The course is recommended for meat and poultry plant management, HACCP coordinators, quality assurance/control personnel, sanitation management, line supervisors, and line operators employed by meat and poultry processing plants. The course is certified by the International HACCP Alliance and meets USDA requirements for HACCP training.

Translation Assistance for Spanish-speaking attendees

Cornell and Penn State have collaborated to provide Spanish-to-English translation assistance for Spanish-speaking attendees. Lectures will be delivered in English however a translator will be present and printed course materials will be available in Spanish.

Course Registration

The course registration fee is $550 per person ($525 if you register by January 17, 2024.) A discounted registration fee of $400 per person is available for companies registering 3 or more employees. Limit of 24 registrants per session, register early. Registration includes coffee and bagels in the morning and lunch each day. Register at: https://cvent.me/kz4LBk by Friday, February 7, 2025.

Discount for NY Processors

Through a grant from the USDA Northeast Extension Risk Management Education program, the first ten New York Meat processors and their employees to register will receive a $100 discount on the course (limited funding, first-come, first-served until funds run out). Those who wish to receive the discount must be working at a NY customer exempt or USDA-inspected meat processor and can contact Matt LeRoux, Extension Associate, (mnl28@cornell.edu) for a discount code to use at registration. This material is based upon work supported by USDA/NIFA under Award Number 2022-70419-38562.

For more information about course content, contact Martin Bucknavage at mwb124@psu.edu or by phone at 814-867-1839. Questions about the NY discount or the location at Cornell University can be direct to Matt LeRoux, mnl28@cornell.edu

–Cornell University

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The conference brought together 152 4-H’ers from 26 states, offering them a unique opportunity to connect with others who are passionate about poultry. Participants engaged in various events designed to enhance their decision-making, public speaking and poultry-related skills. The conference featured five competitive events: poultry judging, chicken barbecuing, turkey barbecuing, an egg chef challenge, and the Avian Bowl—an exciting game of poultry and egg trivia. Additionally, industry leaders from the poultry and egg sectors led a Poultry Careers workshop, providing attendees with valuable insights into career and educational opportunities within the industry.

The team from Texas, coached by Jeremy Lee, finished as the top overall team. Trent Ellebracht, from Texas, was named as the top overall individual. Barbara Jenkins, vice president of education and student programs for USPOULTRY and executive director of the USPOULTRY Foundation, presented the awards.

Through 4-H and the National 4-H Poultry and Egg Conference, the USPOULTRY Foundation reasserts its commitment to student outreach programs aimed at inspiring the next generation of leaders in poultry careers. As a long-time sponsor, the USPOULTRY Foundation is dedicated to supporting these talented young people and recognize that they represent the future of the poultry industry.

“Our mission is to inspire these young people to pursue careers in the poultry and egg industries, as they are the future leaders, scientists, decision-makers and more. Through 4-H and the National 4-H Poultry and Egg Conference, the USPOULTRY Foundation reaffirms its ongoing commitment to student outreach programs that encourage the next generation of poultry professionals. As a long-time sponsor of both 4-H and the National 4-H Poultry and Egg Conference, the USPOULTRY Foundation remains dedicated to supporting these talented individuals,” said Jenkins.

About the USPOULTRY Foundation

The USPOULTRY Foundation’s mission is to support the recruitment and training of the brightest students, seek and fund scientific research, foster student scientists and promote careers in the poultry and egg industry.

—USPOULTRY Foundation

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Many species are susceptible to influenza viruses, including big cats. Cats can be exposed to HPAI through various pathways, including the consumption of infected birds or other animals, and unpasteurized or raw milk from infected cows. The CDC advises against feeding raw milk and raw food to animals. A list of detections of HPAI in mammals in the United States is available on the USDA website.

Each of these facilities tested the animals after they showed signs of illness. Since initial samples were taken, a number of the big cats and animals at these facilities have died, though some have also recovered. APHIS is supporting epidemiologic investigations as it is invited to help determine how these animals were exposed to the virus, though in at least one instance an animal was seen consuming a wild bird. The facilities are located in different states, including Arizona, California, Idaho, and Washington, and APHIS is providing support to the states as requested for additional sampling and to help determine how the animals were exposed to the virus.

These private wildlife facilities are regulated and licensed under the Animal Welfare Act (AWA). Under the AWA, regulated facilities are required to monitor animals for signs of disease, promptly report problems of animal health and well-being to the attending veterinarian, and to follow veterinary instructions for care. The AWA does not give APHIS authority over biosecurity measures, disease surveillance, outbreak management, or animal movement at regulated facilities such as zoos. However, APHIS officials support animal welfare by facilitating contact between AWA regulated facility representatives, state animal health officials, and APHIS programs. APHIS also provides outreach and educational materials such as fact sheets, Tech Notes, and Animal Aids on best practices.

USDA APHIS has been working closely with the relevant state agriculture agencies, state and local public health agencies to confirm the detections and discuss the importance of biosecurity. For now, these facilities are either closed to the public or pausing guest activities with direct animal contact.

In light of these detections, APHIS is reminding all animal caretakers of the importance of biosecurity for all animal facilities and farms. Biosecurity continues to be the best weapon against the spread of H5N1 to any susceptible species. Data collected since March 2024 has shown that H5N1 can be transmitted on equipment, people, or other items that move from place to place. All facilities should practice good biosecurity even if the virus has not been detected in their state or vicinity, this includes following proper cleaning and disinfecting procedures (224.29 KB) and infection control practices (215.95 KB).

More information about biosecurity best practices that apply to these types of facilities can be found in this resource guide Guidance for Zoos and Captive Wildlife Facilities and in the informational video Understanding and Reducing the Risk of H5N1 Avian Influenza in Petting Zoos.

USDA will continue to work to protect the health of animals and work closely with its federal partners at CDC to protect the health of people involved in the care of those animals.

USDA’s NVSL serves as an international reference laboratory and provides expertise and guidance on diagnostic techniques, as well as confirmatory testing for foreign and emerging animal diseases. Such testing is required for certain animal diseases in the United States to comply with national and international reporting procedures. USDA reports all confirmed detection of HPAI H5N1 in new species to the World Organisation for Animal Health.

Please see USDA’s website for frequently asked questions about H5N1 for facilities regulated under the Animal Welfare Act for more information, as well as for more details regarding detections of HPAI H5N1 in mammalian species.

–USDA APHIS

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